Tuesday, 11 September 2012

A Part of Gödel's Paper on the Two Incompleteness Theorems

First, here you have some in German, as I aim for Section 3 and 4 to complement the work by M. Hirzel given freely elsewhere on the Internet. So German now and English later:

On formally undecidable propositions of Principia Mathematica and related systems I.

(German: Über formal unentscheidbare Sätze der Principia Mathematica und verwandter Systeme, I.)
 
Kurt Gödel, Wien

[Section] 3.

Wir ziehen nun aus Satz VI weitere Folgerungen und geben zu diesem Zweck folgende Definition:
Eine Relation (Klasse) heißt arithmetisch, wenn sie sich allein mittels der Begriffe +, . [Addition und Multiplikation, bezogen auf natürliche Zahlen, (x), = definieren l Zahlen beziehen dürfen Entsprechend wird der Begriff "arithmetischer Satz" definiert. Insbesondere sind z.B. Die Relationen "größer" und "kongruent nach einem Modul" arithmetisch, denn as gilt: x > y ~(Ez) [y = x + z]
x º y (mod n) ~(Ez) [(x = y + z & n) Ú (y = x + z & n)] Es gilt der
Satz VII: Jede rekursive Relation ist arithmetisch.
Wir beweisen den Satz in der Gestalt: Jede Relation der Form x0 = j (x1 ... xn) wo j rekursiv ist, ist arithmetisch, und wenden vollständige Induktion nach der Stufe von j an. j habe die s-te Stufe (s > 1). Dann gilt entweder:
1.   j (x1 ... xn) = r [c1 (x1 … xn), c2 (x1 … xn), … cm (x1 … xn)]5 (wo r und sämtliche ci kleinere Stufe haben als s) oder:
2.   j (0, x2 ... xn) = y (x2 … xn)
j (k + 1, x2 ... xn) = m [k, j (k, x2 … xn), x2 … xn]
(wo y, m niedrigere Stufe als s haben).
Im ersten Falle gilt:
x0 = j (x1 … xn) ~(E y1 … ym) [R (x0, x1 … xn) & S1(y1, x1 … xn) & ... & Sm(ym x1 … xn)] wo R bzw. Si die nach induktiver Annahme existierenden mit x0 = r (y1 … ym) bzw. y = ci(x1 ... xn)  äquivalenten arithmetischen Relationen sind. Daher ist x0 = j (x1 … xn) in diesem Fall arithmetisch.
 
Im zweiten Fall wenden wir folgendes Verfahren an: Man kann die Relation x0 =  (x1 … xn) mit Hilfe des Begriffes „Folge von Zahlen“ (f)52 folgendermaßen ausdrücken:
 
x0 = j (x1 … xn) ~(E f) {f0 = y (x2 … xn) & (k) [k < x1 Þ fk+1 =  (k, fk, x2 … xn)] & x0 = fx1}

Wenn S (y, x2 … xn) bzw. T (z, x1 … xn + 1)  die nach induktiver Annahme existierenden mit y =  (x2 … xn) bzw. z =  (x1 … xn + 1) äquivalenten arithmetische Relationen sind, gilt daher:

x0 = j (x1 … xn) ~(E f) {S (f0 =  (x2 … xn) & (k) [k < x1 Þ T (fk+1, k, fk, x2 … xn)] & x0 = fx1}

Nun ersetzen wir den Begriff “Folge von Zahlen” durch “Paar von Zahlen”, indem wir dem  Zahlenpaar n, d die Zahlenfolge f(n, d) (fk(n, d) = [n]1 + (k + 1) d) zuordnen, wobei [n]p den kleinsten nicht  negativen Rest von n modulo p bedeutet.

Es gilt dann der

Hilfssatz 1: Ist f eine beliebige Folge natürlicher Zahlen und k eine beliebige natiirliche Zahl, so  gibt es ein Paar von natürlichen Zahlen n, d, so daß f(n, d) und f in den ersten k Gliedern  übereinstimmen.

Beweis: Sei l die größte der Zahlen k, f0, f1, … fk - 1. Man bestimme n so, daß:

n º fi [mod (1 + (i + 1) l!)] für i = 0, 1, ... k - 1

was möglich ist, da je zwei der Zahlen 1 + (i + 1) l! (i = 0, 1, ... k – 1) relativ prim sind. Denn eine  in zwei von diesen Zahlen enthaltene Primzahl müßte auch in der Differenz (i1 – i2) l! und daher  wegen |i1 - i2| < l in l! enthalten sein, was unmöglich ist. Das Zahlenpaar n, l! leistet dann das  Verlangte.

Da die Relation x = [n]p durch:

x º n (mod p) & x < p

definiert und daher arithmetisch ist, so ist auch die folgendermaßen definierte Relation P (x0, xl …  xn):

P (x0 ... xn) º (E n, d) {S[([n]d + 1, x2 ... xn) & (k) [k < x1 Þ T ([n]1 + d (k + 2), k, [n]1 + d (k + 1), (x2 … xn)] & x0 = [n]1 + d (x1 + 1)}

arithmetisch, welche nach (17) und Hilfssatz 1 mit: x0 = j (x1 … xn) äquivalent ist (es kommt bei  der Folge f in (17) nur auf ihren Verlauf bis zum x1 + 1-ten Glied an). Damit ist Satz VII bewiesen.

Gemäß Satz VII gibt es zu jedem Problem der Form (x)F(x) (F rekursiv) ein äquivalentes  arithmetisches Problem und da der ganze Beweis von Satz VII sich (für jedes spezielle F) innerhalb

des Systems P formalisieren läßt, ist diese Äquivalenz in P beweisbar. Daher gilt:
 
Satz VIII: In jedem der in Satz VI genannten formalen Systeme53 gibt es unentscheidbare arithmetische Sätze.
 
Dasselbe gilt (nach der Bemerkung auf Seite 190) für das Axiomensystem der Mengenlehre und dessen Erweiterungen durch v-widerspruchsfreie rekursive Klassen von Axiomen.

Wir leiten schließlich noch folgendes Resultat hier:

Satz IX: In allen in Satz VI genannten formalen Systemen (53) gibt es unentscheidbare Probleme des  engeren Funktionenkalküls54 (d. h. Formeln des engeren Funktionenkalküls, für die weder  Allgemeingültigkeit noch Existenz eines Gegenbeispiels beweisbar ist)55.

Dies beruht auf:

Satz X: Jedes Problem der Form (x)F(x) (F rekursiv) läßt sich zurückführen auf die Frage nach der  Erfüllbarkeit einer Formel des engeren Funktionenkalküls (d.h. zu jedem rekursiven F kann man  eine Formel des engeren Funktionenkalküls angeben deren Erfüllbarkeit mit der Richtigkeit von  (x)F(x) äquivalent ist).

Zum engeren Funktionenkalkül (e. F.) rechnen wir diejenigen Formeln, welche sich aus den  Grundzeichen: ~, Ú, (x), =; x, y ... (Individuenvariable) F (x), G (x, y), H (x, y, z)... (Eigenschafts-  und Relationsvariable) aufbauen56, wobei (x) und = sich nur auf Individuen beziehen dürfen. Wir  fügen zu diesen Zeichen noch eine dritte Art von Variablen j (x), w (x, y), c (x, y, z) etc. hinzu, die  Gegenstandsfunktionen vertreten (d. h. j (x), w (x, y) etc.) bezeichnen eindeutige Funktionen, deren  Argumente und Werte Individuen sind57. Eine Formel, die außer den zuerst angeführten Zeichen des e. F. noch Variable dritter Art j ( (x), w (x, y) ... etc.) enthält, soll eine Formel im weiteren Sinne (i. w. S.) heißen58. Die Begriffe "erfüllbar", "allgemeingültig" übertragen sich ohneweiters auf Formeln i. w. S. und es gilt der Satz, daß man zu jeder Formel i. w. S. A eine gewöhnliche Formel  des e. F. B angeben kann, so daß die Erfüllbarkeit von A mit der von B äquivalent ist. B erhält man  aus A, indem man die in A vorkommenden Variablen dritter Art j (x), w (x, y) ... durch Ausdrücke der  Form: (i, z) F (z, x), (i, z) G (z, x, y) ... ersetzt, die "beschreibenden" Funktionen im Sinne der PM. I * 14  auflöst und die so erhaltene Formel mit einem Ausdruck logisch multipliziert59, der besagt, daß sämtliche an Stelle der j, w .. gesetzte F, G .. hinsichtlich der ersten Leerstelle genau eindeutig sind.

Wir zeigen nun, daß es zu jedem Problem der Form (x)F(x) (F rekursiv) ein äquivalentes betreffend  die Erfüllbarkeit einer Formel i.w.S. Gibt, woraus nach der eben gemachten Bemerkung Satz X  folgt.

Da F rekursiv ist, gibt es eine rekursive Funktion F (x), so daß F(x) ~[F (x) = 0], und für F gibt es  eine Reihe von Funktionen F1, F2 ... Fn, so daß: Fn = F, F1 (x) = x + 1 und für jedes Fk (1 < k ≦ n) entweder:

1. (x2, ... xm) [Fk (0, x2 ... xm) = Fp (x2 ... xm)]                                      (18)

(x, x2 ... xm) {Fk [F1 (x), x2 ... xm] = Fq [x, Fk (x, x2 ... xm), x2 ... xm]}

p, q < k

oder:

2. (x1 ... xm) [Fk (x1 ... xm) = Fr (Fi1 (Á1) ... Fis (Án))][60]                (19)

r < k, iʋ < k (für ʋ = l, 2 ... s)

oder:

3. (x1 ... xm) [Fk (x1 ... xm)] = F1 (F1 ... F1 (0))]                                   (20)

Ferner bilden wir die Sätze:


(x) F1 (x) = 0 & (x, y) [F1 (x) = F1 (y) Þ x = y]                                (21)

                                            (x) [Fn (x) = 0]                                          (22)

 

Wir ersetzen nun in allen Formeln (18), (19), (20) (für k = 2, 3 . . . n) und in (21) (22) die  Funktionen i durch Funktionsvariable i, die Zahl 0 durch eine sonst nicht vorkommende Individuenvariable 0 und bilden die Konjunktion C sämtlicher so erhaltener Formeln.

Die Formel (E x0) C hat dann die verlangte Eigenschaft, d. b.

1. Wenn (x) [ (x) = 0] gilt, ist (E x0) C erfüllbar, denn die Funktionen F1, F2 ... Fn ergeben dann offenbar in (E x0) C für 1, 2 ... n eingesetzt einen richtigen Satz.

2. Wenn (E x0) C erfüllbar ist, gilt (x) [F (x) = 0].

Beweis: Seien Ψ1, Ψ2 ... Ψn die nach Voraussetzung existierenden Funktionen, welche in (E x0) C für φ1, φ2 ... φn eingesetzt einen richtigen Satz liefern. Ihr Individuenbereich sei Á. Wegen der Richtigkeit von (E x0) C für die Funktionen Ψi gibt es ein Individuum a (aus Á), so daß sämtliche  Formeln (18) bis (22) bei Ersetzung der Fi durch Ψi und von 0 durch a in richtige Sätze (18') bis  (22') übergehen. Wir bilden nun die kleinste Teilklasse von Á, welche a enthält und gegen die Operation Ψ1 (x)  abgeschlossen ist. Diese Teilklasse (Á) hat die Eigenschaft, daß jede der Funktionen Ψi, auf  Elemente aus Á angewendet wieder Elemente aus Á ergibt. Denn für Ψ1 gilt dies nach Definition  von Á und wegen (18'), (19'), (20') überträgt sich diese Eigenschaft von Ψi mit niedrigerem Index  auf solche mit höherem. Die Funktionen, welche aus Ψi durch Beschränkung auf den Individuenbereich Á entstehen, nennen wir Ψi'. Auch für diese Funktion gelten sämtliche Formeln  (18) bis (22) (bei der Ersetzung von 0 durch a und Fi durch Ψi').

Wegen der Richtigkeit von (21) für Ψ1' und a kann man die Individuen aus Á eineindeutig auf die natürlichen Zahlen abbilden u. zw. so, daß a in 0 und die Funktion Ψ1' in die Nachfolgerfunktion F1  übergeht. Durch diese Abbildung gehen aber sämtliche Funktionen Ψi' in die Funktionen Fi über  und wegen der Richtigkeit von (22)
für Ψnʹ und a gilt (x) [Fn (x) = 0], oder (x) [F (x) = 0], was zu beweisen war61.

Da man die Überlegungen, welche zu Satz X führen, (für jedes spezielle F) auch innerhalb des Systems P durchführen kann, so ist die Äquivalenz zwischen einem Satz der Form (x) F (x) (F  rekursiv) und der Erfüllbarkeit der entsprechenden Formel des e. F. in P beweisbar und daher folgt aus der Unentscheidbarkeit des einen die des anderen, womit Satz IX bewiesen ist.[61]

[Section] 4.

Aus den Ergebnissen von Abschnitt 2 folgt Bin merkwürdiges Resultat, bezüglich eines Widerspruchslosigkeitsbeweises des Systems P (und seiner Erweiterungen), das durch folgenden Satz ausgesprochen wird:

Satz XI: Sei x eine beliebige rekursive widerspruchsfreie[62] Klasse von Formeln, dann gilt: Die  Satzformel, welche besagt, daß x widerspruchsfrei ist, ist nicht x-beweisbar; insbesondere ist die Widerspruchsfreiheit von P in P unbeweisbar[63], vorausgesetzt, daß P widerspruchsfrei ist (im entgegengesetzten Fall ist natürlich jede Aussage beweisbar).

Der Beweis ist (in Umrissen skizziert) der folgende: Sei x eine beliebige für die folgenden Betrachtungen ein für allemal gewählte rekursive Klasse von Formeln (im einfachsten Falle die  leere Klasse). Zum Beweise der Tatsache, daß 17 Gen r nicht x-beweisbar ist[64], wurde, wie aus 1.  Seite 189 hervorgeht, nur die Widerspruchsfreiheit von x benutzt, d, h. es gilt:

Wid (x) Þ Bewx (17 Gen r)                                                                (23)

d. h. nach (6·1):

Wid (x) Þ (x) x Bx (17 Gen r)

Nach (13) ist 17 Gen r = S b (p (19 / Z(p))) und daher:

Wid (x) Þ (x) x Bx S b (p (19 / p Z(p)))

d. h. nach (8·1):

Wid (x) Þ (x) Q (x, p)                                                   (24)

Wir stellen nun folgendes fest: Sämtliche in Abschnitt 266 und Abschnitt 4 bisher definierte Begriffe (bzw. bewiesene Behauptungen) sind auch in P ausdrückbar (bzw. beweisbar). Denn es wurden überall nur die gewöhnlichen Definitions- und Beweismethoden der klassischen Mathematik verwendet, wie sie im System P formalisiert sind. Insbesondere ist z (wie jede rekursive Klasse) in P definierbar. Seit w die Satzformel, durch welche in P Wid (x) ausgedrückt wird. Die Relation Q (x, y) wird gemäß (8·1), (9), (10) durch das Relationszeichen q ausgedrückt,  folglich Q (x, p) durch r [ da nach (12) r = S b (q (19 / Z(p))] und der Satz (x) Q (x, p) durch 17 Gen r.

Wegen (24) ist also w Imp (17 Gen r) in P beweisbar67 (um so mehr x-beweisbar). Wäre nun v x-beweisbar, so wäre auch 17 Gen r x-beweisbar und daraus würde nach (23) folgen, daß x nicht widerspruchsfrei ist.

Es sei bemerkt, daß auch dieser Beweis konstruktiv ist, d. h. er gestattet, falls ein Beweis aus x für w vorgelegt ist, einen Widerspruch aus x effektiv herzuleiten. Der ganze Beweis für Satz XI läßt sich wörtlieh auch auf das Axiomensystem der Mengenlehre M und der klassischen Mathematik68 A übertragen und liefert auch hier das Resultat: Es gibt keinen Widerspruchslosigkeitsbeweis für M bzw. A, der innerhalb von M bzw. A formalisiert werden könnte, vorausgesetzt daß M bzw. A widerspruchsfrei ist. Es sei ausdrücklich bemerkt, daß Satz XI (und die entsprechenden Resultate  über M, A) in keinem Widerspruch zum Hilbertschen formalistischen Standpunkt stehen. Denn dieser setzt nur die Existenz eines mit finiten Mitteln geführten Widerspruchsfreiheitsbeweises voraus und es wäre denkbar, daß es finite Beweise gibt, die sich in P (bzw. M, A) nicht darstellen lassen.

Da für jede widerspruchsfreie Klasse x, v nicht x-beweisbar ist, so gibt es schon immer dann (aus x)  unentscheidbare Sätze (nämlich w), wenn Neg (w) nicht x-beweisbar ist; m. a. W. man kann in Satz VI

die Voraussetzung der v-Widerspruchsfreiheit ersetzen durch die folgende: Die Aussage "x ist  widerspruchsvoll" ist nicht x-beweisbar.

(Man beachte, daß es widerspruchsfreie x gibt, für die diese Aussage x-beweisbar ist.)

Wir haben uns in dieser Arbeit im wesentlichen auf das System P beschränkt und die Anwendungen  auf andere Systeme nur angedeutet. In voller Allgemeinheit werden die Resultate in einer demnächst erscheinenden Fortsetzung ausgesprochen und bewiesen werden. In dieser Arbeit wird  auch der nur skizzenhaft geführte Beweis von Satz XI ausführlich dargestellt werden.

 

(Eingelangt: 17. XI. 1930.)

 

 

___________

 

Temporary note: The szmbol, Á, has been used incorrectly in the above text and I am to replace it with something like ʒ´, Ҙ´, or Ӡ´, whereof the last is probably the best. - Olsnes-Lea, the provider for this!



 





Notes:
49  Die Null wird hier und im folgenden immer mit zu den natarlichen

      Zahlen gerechnet.

50  Das Definiens eines solchen Begriffes muß sich also allein mittels der

      angeführten Zeichen, Variablen für natürliche Zahlen x, y, . . . und den Zeiehen

      0, 1 aufbauen (Funktions- und Mengenvariable dürfen nicht vorkommen). (In den

      Präfixen darf statt x natürlich auch jede andere Zahlvariable stehen.)

51 Es brauchen natürlich nicht alle x1 . . . xn in den ci tatsächlich vorzukommen [vgl. das Beispiel  in Fußnote 27].

52 f bedeutet hier eine Variable, deren Wertbereich die Folgen natürl. Zahlen sind. Mit fk wird das k + 1-te Glied einer Folge f bezeichnet (mit f0 das erste).

53  Das sind diejenigen v-widerspruchsfreien Systeme, welche aus P durch Hinzufügung einer rekursiv definierbaren Klasse von Axiomen entstehen.

54  Vgl. Hilbert-Ackermann, Grundzüge der theoretischen Logik.

      Im System P sind unter Formeln des engeren Funktionenkalküls diejenigen zu verstehen, welche aus den Formeln des engeren Funktionenkalküls der PM durch die auf S.176 angedeutete Ersetzung der Relationen durch Klassen höheren Typs entstehen.

55  In meiner Arbeit: Die Vollständigkeit der Axiome des logischen Funktionenkalküls, Monatsh. f. Math. u. Phys.  XXXVII, 2, habe ich gezeigt, daß jede Formel des engeren Funktionenkalküls entweder als allgemeingültig  nachweisbar ist oder ein Gegenbeispiel existiert; die Existenz dieses Gegenbeispiels ist aber nach Satz IX nicht immer  nachweisbar (in den angeführten formalen Systemen).

56  D. Hilbert and W. Ackermann rechnen in dem eben zitierten Buch das Zeichen = nicht zum  engeren Funktionenkalkül. Es gibt aber zu jeder Formel, in der das Zeichen = vorkommt, eine  solche ohne dieses Zeichen, die mit der ursprünglichen gleichzeitig erfüllbar ist (vgl. die in  Fußnote 55) zitierte Arbeit).

57  Und zwar soll der Definitionsbereich immer der ganze Individuenbereich sein.

58  Variable dritter Art dürfen dabei an allen Leerstellen für Individuenvariable stehen, z.B.: y = (x), F(x,  (y)), G [(x, (y)), x] : usw.

59  D.h. die Konjunktion bildet.

60 Ái (i = l .. s) vertreten irgend welche Komplexe der Variablen x1, x2 ... xm, z. B.: x1 x3 x2.

61 Aus Satz X folgt z. B., daß das Fermatsche und das Goldbachsche Problem 1ösbar wären, wenn  man das Entscheidungsproblem des e. F. gelöst hätte.

62 Satz IX gilt natürlich auch für das Axiomensystem der Mengenlehre und dessen Erweiterungen durch rekursiv definierbare w-widerspruchsfreie Klassen von Axiomen, da es ja auch in diesen Systemen unentscheidbare Sätze der Form (x) F (x) (F rekursiv) gibt.

63 x ist widerspruchsfrei (abgekürzt als Wid (x)) wird folgendermaßen definiert: Wid (x) ≡ (E x)  [Form (x) & Bewx (x)].

64 Dies folgt, wenn man für x die leere Klasse von Formeln einsetzt.

65 r hängt natürlich (ebenso wie p) von x ab.
66 Von der Definition für "rekursiv" auf Seite 179 bis zum Beweis von Satz VI inkl.

67 Daß aus (23) auf die Riehtigkeit von v Imp (17 Gen r) geschlossen werden kann, beruht einfach darauf, daß der unentscheidbare Satz 17 Gen r, wie gleich zu Anfang bemerkt, seine eigene Unbeweisbarkeit behauptet.

68 Vgl. J. v. Neumann, Zur Hilbertschen Beweistheorie, Math. Zeitschr. 26, 1927.

 
The rest is coming (section 3 and 4), wholly translated! Notes are now in.
 
Hirzel's paper: Hirzel, Martin, 2000, On formally undecidable propositions of Principia Mathematica and related systems I., successful, I think.
 
I am no novice and I hold credits, respects, as achievements, the Fitch presentation of Gödel's Ontological Argument, now damn clear, and for resetting the above mentioned paper totally new and toward completeness myself, countering this paper and envisioning a new angle toward investigations to completeness instead, introducing the two levels of axioms and logical results as basis for this! Cheers!

Tuesday, 7 August 2012

An Addition to the Cyberpunk Corpus as Prediction

What I'm trying to add to the note: The Theorem in Political Science for the Break against Nazi-Ideology or NOT! The theorem in political science for the break against Nazi-ideology or NOT! Over the code sentence as a matter of (the) "highest" intelligence of the Earth, "Microsoft is working", meaning to imply a World _in chains_, NO KIDDING, all carnivore included, to a World that is leaving its best ideals in the hands of the legacy of Nazi-Germany and Nazi-ideology where people have been (and WILL BE) systematically killed, this is the urgent call to download, at least, one other Operating System, outside Microsoft Operating System and Apple Operating System, as a matter of emergency or exclusively on own system!!! This is now or never! These people are actually moving in for IT!!! After this, given that they are successful, people WILL BE primates forever, potentially, the direct implication from above is the danger I warn you of now! Please, hurry (nr. 2)! (The first one is to act to reduce the Overpopulation problem, by natural means, by encouraging 1 or 2 (or rarely 3) kids, set into action by 1 - 3 Ministers of various departments, in a possible joint statement!) Not to kill you or anything, I hope you can contemplate it for some time to come (if at all). I feel as if this is the Cyberpunk version over 1984, almost as if reading William Gibson *live*!!! Well, well, I think you get it! Good luck! Remember also the code/key sentence "Microsoft is working", almost as in "Twelve Monkeys", that this includes all the most sick set-up, including all corrupt Police, all torturing health personnel and all of the rest of f*ck and hell on Earth, obviously including Monkey-biz!!!

Under this theorem:
Formal declaration of science: I hereby declare that Mysticism has deafeated the Scientism, the Scientists! This is a final verdict for what I consider the remaining time of humanity!Additionally, I predict that unless the obstructive part to this understanding dies away, the consequences will be severe for the entire Earth because of their, the Scientists, lack of sensitivity toward Ethics! So, Zeta, (greek letter) all matters considered the Earth is in a (strange) way HALTED in achieving progress in all fields, science broadly interpreted!Not that Scientism by this is any more serious. No, the primary matter here is how one considers Ethics to be a part of the Scientist's education, discipline and attitude in conducting science and in being a leader of science in society, i.e., how science plays out in the World by itself or in the expression of technology!

BTW, this addresses in particular the psychologists and psychiatrists and what "that industry generates", given by the above and as last section under the Theorem!

Over the Scientism-Scientists and (Respects-to-Mysteries/​)Mysticism-Scientists, I have the following: The Scientism-Scientists can use all implants they want and commit all the moron monkey-biz sh*t, but they _will never_ achieve anything more than being mere academic (male/female) sl*ts, no matter what fraud they take part in! This is now more or less settled from my side. Let's see how they (try to) comply with the academic standards into the future!

Take care!

Note: NOT in any can it be perceived that the "Mystics" in this weak sense, respecting the mysteries of Nature, stand lower than the Scientists in terms of science and scientific seriousness and productivity! This writing is simply not for the (religious) Mystics!!!
(This may be considered a part of Cyberpunk aspects of prediction, as conceived by William Gibson.).
Note2: I've entered the Theorem here also, url: http://​whatiswritten777.blogspot.n​o/2012/02/​theorem-in-political-scienc​e-for-break.html !
Note3: BTW, this addresses in particular the psychologists and psychiatrists and what "that industry generates", given by the above and as last section under the Theorem!
Note4: Over the Scientism-Scientists and (Respects-to-Mysteries/​)Mysticism-Scientists, I have the following: The Scientism-Scientists can use all implants they want and commit all the moron monkey-biz sh*t, but they _will never_ achieve anything more than being mere academic (male/female) sl*ts, no matter what fraud they take part in! This is now more or less settled from my side. Let's see how they (try to) comply with the academic standards into the future!
This enters of course in Philosophy, as a concern over the future, the ethics and Karl Popper and his concern for future by "Open Society and Its Enemies"!

Over the Scientism-Scientists and Mysticism-Scientists... - Applied Ethics +

Formal declaration of science: I hereby declare that Mysticism has deafeated the Scientism, the Scientists! This is a final verdict for what I consider the remaining time of humanity!Additionally, I predict that unless the obstructive part to this understanding dies away, the consequences will be severe for the entire Earth because of their, the Scientists, lack of sensitivity toward Ethics! So, Zeta, (greek letter) all matters considered the Earth is in a (strange) way HALTED in achieving progress in all fields, science broadly interpreted!Not that Scientism by this is any more serious. No, the primary matter here is how one considers Ethics to be a part of the Scientist's education, discipline and attitude in conducting science and in being a leader of science in society, i.e., how science plays out in the World by itself or in the expression of technology!
BTW, this addresses in particular the psychologists and psychiatrists and what "that industry generates", given by the above and as last section under the Theorem, The Theorem for the Break against Nazi-Ideology or Not!

Over the Scientism-Scientists and (Respects-to-Mysteries/)Mysticism-Scientists, I have the following: The Scientism-Scientists can use all implants they want and commit all the moron monkey-biz sh*t, but they _will never_ achieve anything more than being mere academic (male/female) sl*ts, no matter what fraud they take part in! This is now more or less settled from my side. Let's see how they (try to) comply with the academic standards into the future!

If they (of Scientism) can't accept academic discussion _to me_, they have lost before the discussion started!
And further, we (of Mysticism) say insanity MORE and they will _not_ even be allowed the smallest excuse for it even, no matter how hard HIT they may be!
Q.E.D.

Take care!

Note: That they see me as one of greatest worth, doesn't of course mean that I submit to their lunatic gambles (with everything worthwhile gambled FOR, all measures used, down to the hardest (medical) torture) because I've chosen side, I KNOW!!!

Note2: NOT in any can it be perceived that the "Mystics" in this weak sense, respecting the mysteries of Nature, stand lower than the Scientists in terms of science and scientific seriousness and productivity! This writing is simply not for the (religious) Mystics!!!

Note3: A note has been made on Facebook by this time-stamp, Tuesday, 7 August 2012 at 15:36 CEST, from another note concerning the Cyberpunk Corpus of all sorts writers.

Tuesday, 26 June 2012

The Implausible Slippery Slope Argument - Applied Ethics

The implausible slippery slope argument from the opposition is this,
- the "Slippery Slope" defeats itself (by fake ethics) by protecting hugely crazy people who have absolutely no problems accepting the devastation brought by it on human dignity and human worth/decency and how torture inflicts terror and deep fears, even sublimely, on the rest of the population.
- secondly, and more directly, the Slippery Slope never accounts for formal qualification, while citing this Nazi program "so seriously", "as if their whole bodies would be immersed", such as obtaining 3-year therapy after the age of 18 before getting the approval for suicide!
- "The Slippery Slope", in addition, has no concept or credible prediction for how many people Slippery Slope will affect outside those already, virtually, queued in! When 36 000 people die from guns (or gun deaths) in USA every year, would the rest of USA therefore get killed by guns next year? NO! Why is this? Because troubles need to obtain in certain ways first! This has a direct analogy to legislated suicides in that this counters the very Slippery Slope argument and the way these disgusting people (complex, as with traits of psychopathy and mis-a/-ophiles) remain active in society, "defending humanity" still! There is no doubt where I want: (Assisted) Suicides need legal defence/legislation and practice urgently so that people can achieve greater respect and have the possibility to escape the great horrors of the World today, thus moving the World up one step in terms of dignity and worth.

Note1: As people enter the academic discussion, they inherently commit to honesty!
Note2: They can call themselves doctors or whatever! They have been defeated! (That is, they're not "born" with credibility.)
Note3: (here) by Leonardo F. Olsnes-Lea on Tuesday, 26 June 2012 at 02:45 CEST as note to Facebook.

End note: The opposition is getting ripe for utter defeat and I hope you bother to make it clear by making the defeat more firm the next few months and years to come!

Sunday, 24 June 2012

On Gödel's Incompleteness Theorems - A Distinction toward Complete Systems

On the Liar Paradox and more
Generally the liar paradox is shown to be meaningless (now). Next, Tarski and others hold powerful arguments against Gödel's incompleteness theorems. And there is a set theory that you may want to note, http://whatiswritten777.blogspot.no/2011/08/philosophical-notes-of-intellectual.html (a bit down on the page), that has this text: "For the time being, I have this to write. Out of 'I know nothing and my set is empty! Can you call illusions knowledge? I don't think so! What is it to know? I have absolutely no idea! To "know" has been assigned to me!"[Ed.], I think the set theory that breaks the Principia Mathematica can be solved by S = ∅ (set of solution is empty). In case of protest, one should remember that one object/member lower down the hypothetical chain of sets (by categories) triggers necessary objects/members all the way up to the "first natural level where one would otherwise see an empty set right below it". "The first natural level" can also be seen as "the deepest level" before, if any at all, the empty set can occur."
"You can add all the (meaningless) categories/set containers you want under a natural set/one set that contains members, but where do you get when the bottom container is empty? Clearly, it's just rubbish and thus it's not a serious argument against the project that Principia Mathematica represents." That is, by this explanation, that the maximal number of empty sets under the natural chain of sets, can only be 1, one, but usually is 0, zero, by the usual descriptions of commoners and non-mathematicians. This, thus, represents the final solution to set-theory for all time to come. Good?
Relationship with computability
Given the below, it must be clear that the halting problem occurs when non-meaningful input has been programmed or that the computer is running an inifinite set, one issue that should be calculated by the machine itself before running/processing of the input happens!
Remember that most testing of these things happen on "scientific" computer, the big mainframes, Tevafloppies and more, i.e., the supercomputers, and as such, qualifying the input by looking for inifinite input should be no problem! Because there is a significant difference in running input directly vs. checking for infinity input before running the input, i.e., the programming in the loose sense.
From under the "Construction of a statement about "provability"
From 3 sentences,
1. y is the Gödel number of a formula and x is the Gödel number of a proof of the formula encoded by y
2. y is the Gödel number of a formula THEN
3. Bew(y) = ∃x (x is the Gödel number of a proof of the formula encoded by y)
Under "Discussion and implications" by the header of this note, I get:"The incompleteness results affect the philosophy of mathematics, particularly versions of formalism, which use a single system formal logic to define their principles. One can paraphrase the first theorem as saying the following: An all-encompassing axiomatic system can never be found that is able to prove all mathematical truths, but no falsehoods.""On the other hand, from a strict formalist perspective this paraphrase would be considered meaningless because it presupposes that mathematical "truth" and "falsehood" are well-defined in an absolute sense, rather than relative to each formal system.""The following rephrasing of the second theorem is even more unsettling to the foundations of mathematics: If an axiomatic system can be proven to be consistent from within itself, then it is inconsistent. Therefore, to establish the consistency of a system S, one needs to use some other system T, but a proof in T is not completely convincing unless T's consistency has already been established without using S.""Theories such as Peano arithmetic, for which any computably enumerable consistent extension is incomplete, are called essentially undecidable or essentially incomplete."
To this I now answer and generally hold:I question "An all-encompassing axiomatic system can never be found that is able to prove all mathematical truths, but no falsehoods." on grounds of making an axiomatic system that covers all disciplines of mathematics, yet in several parts and "adjacent-"/"contegious-sectors" if you will!There is NO chance that the two incompleteness theorems will survive into the next decade, starting immediately 2020! Call it sci-fi for now, if you want!
For people who think that to make a title "This is not a title" on a book (Raymond Smullyan, fx.) matters, you do not do much other than positing a Austin statement, that is, you commit a speech act, NOT logics!
To say that the total of field isn't provable, isn't good enough, because the field always remain contestable (until one can begin to look on the results consider what "in the World" that can possibly remain in the field to discover!
So criticism toward Gödel still starts with "Everything"!!!
That said, nobody has ever said that any system could be proven by setting up axioms for it!!! Given the axioms themselves, one still doesn't know whether they as a group are enough to cover the field they are designed as seen in geometry with Riemann geometry, under the assumption that the Euclidean geometric planes have been intended to be straight/flat all along!
Some people may think that I've been "after" Gödel, but this is wrong! I've just been saying that I've wanted complete systems and that looking for something /else/ than Gödel's claim over the axioms is, looking at an undeveloped system with very few results, almost impossible, but I don't want to go into this just yet. It may turn out to be a ghost that haunts us, given that advances in logics can very well occur more than "expected", or beyond one's negative taste in case I would give a verdict on it! Let's see what happens!
That is, the current standing on the Gödel's Incompleteness Theorems isn't UP TO DATE!!!
(18 June at 21:41 CEST)
I am of the opinion that criticism should be presented on the same page under the header "Criticism of the Gödel's incompleteness theorems" because this is about presenting the truth. That is, you can't leave out the fact that his incompleteness theorems may be untrue!
(18 June at 22:40 CEST)
One last smacker for Godel: All axioms are needed to establish a (logical) system (P)
All axioms (P)
-----------------------
Logical System (Cond. Elim. and Concl.)
(19 June at 15:07 CEST)
y is the Gödel number of a formula and x is the Gödel number of a proof of the formula encoded by y
y is the Gödel number of a formula -> (conditionally) (x is the Gödel number of a proof of the formula encoded by y) ∃ x = Bew(y), but Gödel forgets about the premise and gets it WRONG! Good?
(20 June at 18:46 CEST)
Conventionally, the other then: Bew(y) = ∃x (x is the Gödel number of a proof of the formula encoded by y) from under the /premise/: y is the Gödel number of a formula /then/ the former sentence to this premise.
(20 June at 18:46 CEST)
See above in the main body, the very note, for the premise set /before/ the Bew(y)!
(20 June at 18:47 CEST)
Neatly made by this, for time-stamp: From under the "Construction of a statement about "provability"
From 3 sentences,
1. y is the Gödel number of a formula and x is the Gödel number of a proof of the formula encoded by y
2. y is the Gödel number of a formula THEN
3. Bew(y) = ∃x (x is the Gödel number of a proof of the formula encoded by y)
(20 June at 18:53 CEST)
Under "Discussion and implications" by the header of this note, I get:"The incompleteness results affect the philosophy of mathematics, particularly versions of formalism, which use a single system formal logic to define their principles. (more...)
(Friday at 16:11 CEST)
Funny stuff from the Wikip. article: The section of "Limitations of Gödel's theorems" used to be an idiot place even though they've corrected it now to what it should be, I've had a comment to it earlier: "Lastly, for inducing some discipline here: Under "Limitations of Gödel's theorems", I assume ''the theorems still need to hold a point''! Don't they?"
(18 hours ago CEST)
The issue under "Limitations of Gödel's theorems" isn't whether "Gödel could use logics too", but whether
1. y is the Gödel number of a formula and x is the Gödel number of a proof of the formula encoded by y
2. y is the Gödel number of a (more...)
(15 hours ago CEST)
Last from me: For people who think that to make a title "This is not a title" on a book (Raymond Smullyan, fx.) matters, you do not do much other than positing a Austin statement, that is, you commit a speech act, NOT logics!
(8 hours ago CEST)
To say that the total of field isn't provable, isn't good enough, because the field always remain contestable (until one can begin to look on the results consider what "in the World" that can possibly remain in the field to discover!
(8 hours ago CEST)
So criticism toward Gödel still starts with "Everything"!!!
(8 hours ago CEST)
So even if the system isn't provable from the axioms as such, the system can very well become complete in all other senses, and given special considerations of a given field, you begin to consider the field complete from the results you (more...) (8 hours ago CEST)
That said, nobody has ever said that any system could be proven by setting up axioms for it!!! (8 hours ago CEST)
However, Gödel still defeats these other lunatics who say that they have these axioms and that this system therefore has to generate these and other results, so Gödel is a winner in these other respects! (8 hours ago CEST)
Seconds after, time stamp for the above incomplete group of axioms... (8 hours ago CEST)
Some people may think that I've been "after" Gödel, but this is wrong! I've just been saying that I've wanted complete systems and that looking for something /else/ than Gödel's claim over the axioms is, looking at an undeveloped system (more...) (8 hours ago CEST)
‎
"Straight" in the Euclidean sense is to be interpreted as "flat", only!!! (8 hours ago CEST)
For now, I just want to note that I look to the group of axioms and the group of results from the system on two levels and that future investigations in logics to "notions of completeness" start here! (8 hours ago CEST)
(Note on time: 18 June, 2012.)
(Note on time: 20 June, 2012.)
(Note on time: 22 June, 2012.)
(Note on time: 24 June, 2012.)
Note5: Some of the time-stamps are only "minutes-accurate"! Good?
Note6: The rather coarse and "strange" part from above has been left out and placed here instead, "Thanks, Russell, for pointing out the danger of having a single proposition of knowledge!' TL (I think this quote has been made around 20.11.2009 or a little bit later, but at least in 2009. 23rd Nov. 2009 is by record of Twitter.)"

Saturday, 16 June 2012

(Assisted) Suicide - The Final Argument Pro Suicide as a Matter of Applied Ethics

Examination! Time for "inquisition"! I've made this topic because I think there are some (really) disgusting or stupid arguments against (Assisted) Suicide.

First of all, those who seriously argue for the right to (Assisted) Suicide (A)S seems to have the greatest integrity of the subject they're speaking of. Necessarily, those who oppose it, are on the outside of the situation, but may very well have been considering (Assisted) Suicide in the past.

Now, one person, Simone, argues in favour:
1. People like to have the possibility to die, (A)S, if they are in great pain and are bound to die (terminally ill).
2. People like to have the possibility to die, (A)S, if they are losing their mind (fx. Alzheimer's).
3. People like to have the possibility to die, (A)S, if they are in great mental pain/distress to which there's no hope and there's no-one willing to significantly change the situation.
4. Combination of two or more of 1., 2. and 3.
5. People should have the possibility to (A)S so that people can't be kept as virtual slaves anymore or forced to compromise on themselves to that extent. 6. People should have the possibility to (A)S so that people aren't forced to compromise on themselves to any extent (by 1., 2., 3. and 4.), calling the situation for what it is, making the possibility to (A)S possibly less restrictive. 7. There's more dignity in dying reasonably healthy and able (by/implied by X. in post #4 on the PF forum).
8. If I have no constructive role in society, being an adult, and I have the urge to commit suicide. It should be my right to commit this suicide or else I might get involved with illegal guns and homicide(s). Being an adult involves knowing what's best for yourself as you are closest to yourself and clearly then, I'm ethically/lawfully entitled to choose my destiny of suicide in my own opinion. Therefore, also, I demand it!
9. We should allow people to die by 1. and 2., possibly also by 3., 5. and 6. because it's the decent approach to the matters (by Apathy Kills in post #18 on the PF forum). There's a certain power in using the word, "decent", here and I'd like you to contemplate this.
10. The fact that people are driven down to basic instincts, into corners of despair, forced to compromise on themselves is necessarily leading to unnecessary friction and unhealthy tendencies in society. (A)S should therefore be allowed! (I think this is slightly different than 4. and 5.)
11. Acknowledging point 5. of the opposition, I do still think the defacto performance of society in telling people to "get out of the way" in a possibly hidden and cruel manner (if nothing else then implicitly by use of threats and fear) is true whether this is unexpressed or not (because I can think of such thought as having existence, plausibly).
12. A sticking point to decide who has the most respect for the topic of this discussion, i.e. to allow eutanasia is as follows:Given the respect for mental health that equals the respect for life as such so
it follows that, granted the awful pains, unbearable as such, can give rise to vast personality change, undesired, and insanity. If it is now the case that respect for the person equals the respect for life (and death) then they who are pro-eutanasia have the final say of the matter at hand, whether to allow eutanasia or not. This can certainly be set up logically as valid deduction ("so do not try it!").

(It should be noted that assisted suicides if they become legal, always are qualified (by whatever requirements), assisted suicides. This is implicit, but now it's explicit!)

One person, Peter, argues against:
1. People should not have the possibility to die, (A)S, because of (my) (presumably) view of the sanctity of life.
2. People should not have the possibility to die, (A)S, because (unfounded) "it's the wrong signal to give".
3. In the case of older people, they may (mis-) perceive their burden on family and friends in an unproportionate way and thus wrongly requesting, wanting or actually committing suicide.
4. There simply is no unbearable/painful situation and therefore all suicides are wrong.
5. By allowing people suicide, one may give a (possibly subtle) signal that people should "get out of the way" and consequently devalue the human life. Therefore, suicide should not be legal. (This may likely be the real argument of 2. while 2. is just a "social" signal of ambiguity.)
6. By denying people (assisted) suicide, one (unfounded) prevents possibly a number of suicides. Therefore, suicide should not be legal. (By atightropewalker in post #47.)

It seems to me to be common to somehow discredit the person who wants to commit suicide by being in doubt of the person's intelligence, sanity or cognition of circumstances.
I'd like you to add arguments to either of these two people. I'd also like you to list possible hidden motives with either of these two persons.

Like this:
Hidden, Peter, "I like the fact that people die in severe pain and I also like the melancholy of thinking so."
Hidden, Peter, "I like the fact that people go through great pains before getting finally getting it done in all sorts of funny ways. Heck, it's a jungle out there and I'm an explorer!"
Hidden, Peter, "If we give people the possibility to (A)S, people can't be kept as virtual slaves anymore or forced to compromise on themselves to that extent." Consequently, I also like you to note the possibilities of Simone having hidden motives and the very nature of them.

I also like to point out the usual ordeal of suicides. You know, people sobbing and complaining about losing someone beloved, but where are the f**king stories of these (deprived) people who commit suicides? Am I supposed to think they killed themselves because of some illusion? Hah, no way! If I'm supposed to think about suicide, it's the freaking last thing, I think about! I think it's so bloody clear, but people just shut up out of politeness or something. Psychiatry should have rife possibilities on telling people what kind of conditions that drive people into suicide, but do they? F**king never!
Objectively, every possible argument in the discussion of (A)S will take effect and thus be effectuated or denied.

Generally to the debates, the rule of honesty and fairness: Remember that the debate should be fair / honest and that it is therefore expected that the debaters pass present lie detectors. Well, these lie-detectors 4 different methods simultaneously used, mimicry and eye-dialation, polygraph test, voice stress analyser and (f) MRI for lie pattern in the brain.

You may find this interesting: "Autopsy of a Suicidal Mind
Edwin S. Shneidman, Ph.D., 2004, Oxford University Press.
Autopsy of a Suicidal Mind is a uniquely intensive psychological analysis of a suicidal mind. In this poignant scientific study, the author assembles an extraordinary cast of eight renowned experts to analyze the suicidal materials, including a ten-page suicide note, given to him by a distraught mother looking for insights into her son's tragic death. Each of the eight experts offers a unique perspective and the sum of their conclusions constitutes an extraordinary psychological autopsy. This book is the first of its kind and a remarkable contribution to the study of suicide." I note that this is from 2004 (why not 1985?).

Important:
People may say that they don't subscribe to all or some of the points or that they certainly not subscribe to the hidden motives (of some people). Their very subscription may very well be so, but this doesn't undercut the fact that their position may support it, objectively! Undeniably then, every possible argument in the discussion of (A)S will take part and thus be effectuated or denied. It should on the other hand, incline them to take part in the debate of preventing this kind of vicious thinking or act in different ways to prevent suicide altogether. Clearly, they will fail to prevent the possibility of such attitudes and I think the massive problem of suicide and its origins are too great to make any solid impact on the matter by practical action. Surely then, this impels a certain kind of dissemination of information. Has Simone won?

By examining the reasons for suicide, it can become a right to commit suicide. Open discussions will decide the laws in the various legislative domains/states and nations. This right can be qualified by fulfilling a set of requirements. I also think if people have a real chance to commit suicide legally, they will embark on a different procedure in relation to family and friends. There's also a chance that family and friends will care more and be more alert to factors leading to suicidal tendencies and the whole debate may also take on better characteristics.

Following the pattern of abortion that must be said to be very successful if you look closely on the statistics (leading to more: well being of kids, quality time, time for attention and love and so on), excluding, of course, the Christian conservatives (for them, we go the Hell all the same), I think this can turn out well for legalised (assisted) suicides too, that it gets accepted among the greater parts of the population, that for some, suicide by medicines is a good solution to sickness and other. There's nothing in the way for the possibility that near, dear people can take part in one's departure from life. The very (A)S can represent dignity in many ways, not to say fill many empty spaces (to make society "complete").

I think legalising suicide has the capacity to slash the "doctors'" vile, perverse, gruesome "games" quite heavily to put it bluntly (despite their, the medical doctors, Hippocratic oath)!
The final death to the Con-side of legalising (assisted) suicide: The Hippocratic Oath poses in NO way any more charity toward anti-suicide than the charity of those who are in favour because both sides may equally say that they support the best humanity and the best dignity of it.
Thus, the mere uttering of a certain "devotion" to dignity is no point as such! Therefore, "I claim to follow the Hippocratic Oath" is just a blow in the air in this sense/relation!

Then the logical formal set-up, first we have the sentences (UoD, the entities, the whole disposition will have to wait for now):

1. There is a lot of crime in the World to such extent that even the (principal) ECtHR gets a huge backlog.
The references: Crime takes FBI and Eurostat. ECtHR takes BBC News.

2. And given that torture is part of crime then people may be in a World of hurt "here and there".
The reference: Torture takes Warburton's book. (But AI is also reporting a good deal, although they are very formal. So instead of saying torture they point to "abuse" and "domestic violence" and that children died under "unfortunate" curcumstances. They do avoid the word "torture" because they are part of some kind of political game or something. Annual report from them, although not formally in.)

3. When people are in a World of hurt "here and there", they want to suicide.
The reference: Suicide takes the WHO numbers, both for current (Wikipedia, but link isn't here because...) and this million.

 
4. People suicide, i.e., the suicide numbers, by hearsay, more than one million deaths every year.
The conclusion here is that people are unquestionably! I don't want to hear the slightest (lying) denial of this! And that this suffering, much because of corruption with the police, lawyers and doctors, cause suicides on the scale mentioned, 1 million in 1999, more than in all wars on Earth combined! I say, LET'S TAKE THEM ON. WE HAVE IDENTIFIED THESE RODENTS NOW AND THAT WE ARE TO PLAY THE WHOLE BOOK OF TRICKS AND MISBEHAVE IN ORDER TO LAND GREATER DIGNITY OUT OF ETHICS AND COSTING THESE RETARDS IN THE PROCESS! Good? Understand?

Of course then, as you can read yourself, enter crime -> ECtHR -> Nigel Warburton -> Suicides! Entailment!

Even if these "angel" researchers (clinical/police/sociologists/psychologists/psychiatrists) tell you that they try to help people who are suffering from suicide-issues, i.e., that they consider to kill themselves, what guarantee do you get from them by that? Do they ever so much as (bl*ody) mention a time-scope? Do you see them somewhere in the legal system standing up for anything at all? Do they write sympathically in the newspapers about these issues so as to earn your trust? I can't see them lifting a g*d-d*mn finger for these people who are suffering. And that they do very little in terms of organisation or legal work, even by Amnesty International, domestically (they have duties by AI to care for all), even though, they have gained authority by achieving their degrees. What I figure is that they sit there and do the ordinary and bumble about with little differences to notice whatsoever. So the "entailment" chain of logics above describe these problems, that people are suffering from criminal circumstances so that painful conditions obtain in them (because police, lawyers, and doctors are corrupt, to start with some groups). This argument, along with my description of a possible (class-action) lawsuit are here to alleviate all this awfulness so that at least the theory and the formal deficiencies are described! And this is important beyond words to have this in place. Therefore, this whole argument you see unfolding here may provide for lots of people to either die with dignity or to (consciously) live with dignity. This is the feat of this text on my blog, that we've disclosed these freaked people and that we will fight in order to see increased levels of dignity worldwide!

PS: I also note that the President of the Norwegian Doctor's Association is against (A)S and that other doctors (tossing in the "authority" and "status") also are usually in favour, citing Hippocratic Oath. This is in no way anything objectional and one is entitled the view, but still... (and silent waters run deep).

PS2: If I, by this, get to inform people and also get to sway opinion into being in favour of (A)S, taking the correct (ethical) view on the issue according to myself, I'll be a very happy person!

Note1: If one allows one suicide, it doesn't necessarily mean that you allow one more suicide. It can be that one "palliative" assisted suicide is prevented or that one actual suicide is prevented. Either way, assisted suicides can't be said to necessarily have a bearing on the total number of suicides, actual or possible.
Note2 on sources of text:
Posted: Tue Feb 02, 2010 11:58 pm; forum.philosophynow.org
Posted: Wed Feb 03, 2010 10:26 pm; forum.philosophynow.org
Posted: Thu Feb 18, 2010 11:14 pm UTC + 1 hour; forum.philosophynow.org
Posted: Thu Feb 18, 2010 11:14 pm UTC + 1 hour; forum.philosophynow.org
Posted: Sat Sep 25, 2010 11:24 pm UTC + 1 hour; forum.philosophynow.org
Posted: Thu Jan 13, 2011 5:28 pm UTC + 1 hour; forum.philosophynow.org
Posted: Fri Jan 23, 2015 ---- CET (UTC+1 hour): www.facebook.com/leonardoolsneslea

Wednesday, 14 March 2012

Presentation of My Interpretation of Gödel's Ontological Argument! (By modern language of logics, uncontroversially.)

UoD: Everything.
Gx: x is God-like
Ex: x has essential properties.
Ax: x is an essence of A.
Bx: x is a property of B.
Px: property x is positive.
Nx: x is a General property.
Xx: x is Positive existence.
Cx: x is consistent.

The final argument by my interpretation is presented below in 4 parts:

1.

1 │ □Ex ≡ □Px ≡ □Gx A (A is Assumption)
2 │ □Ex A
3 │ ◊Px ≡ □Px A
4 │ ◊Px A
------------------
5 │ □Px ≡ □Gx 1, 2 ≡E
6 │ □Px 3, 4 ≡E
------------------
7 │ □Gx 5, 6 ≡E

Alt. 1, 1st.

1 │ □Ex ≡ □Px ≡ □Gx A (A is Assumption)
2 │ □Ex A
3 │ ◊Px ⊃ □Px A
4 │ ◊Px A
------------------
5 │ □Px ≡ □Gx 1, 2 ≡E
6 │ □Px 3, 4 ⊃E
------------------
7 │ □Gx 5, 6 ≡E

Alt. 1, 2nd.

1 │ □Ex ≡ □Px ≡ □Gx A (A is Assumption)
2 │ (□Px ⊃ □Nx) ⊃ □Px A
3 │ □Px ⊃ □Nx A
4 │ □Ex A
------------------
5 │ □Px 2, 3 ⊃E
6 │ □Px ≡ □Gx 1, 2 ≡E
------------------
7 │ □Gx 6, 5 ≡E

This alternative, nr. 2, takes care of the former line ”6 │ (□Px ⊃ □Nx) ⊃ □Px A” and adds overall description by this!

2.

1 │ □Px ≡ □Gx A (A is Assumption)
2 │ □Xx ⊃ □Px A
3 │ □Xx A
------------------
4 │ □Px 2, 3 ⊃E
------------------
5 │ □Gx 1, 4 ≡E

3.

1 │ ◊Cx ≡ □Gx A (A is Assumption)
2 │ □Px ∨ ~□Px A
3 │ □Px ⊃ ◊Cx A
------------------
4 ││ □Px A
0 ││-----------------
5 ││ □Px 6 R

6 ││ ~□Px A
0 ││-----------------
7 ││ □Px 6 R
8 │ □Px 4, 6-9 ∨E
9 │ ◊Cx 8, 3 ⊃E
------------------
10│ □Gx 9, 1 ≡E

4.

1 │ □Bx ≡ □Gx A (A is Assumption)
2 │ ◊Ax ≡ □Bx ≡ (◊Ax ⊃ □Bx) A
3 │ ◊Ax A
------------------
4 │ □Bx 3, 2 ≡E
------------------
5 │ □Gx 4, 1 ≡E

Note for the 4th part: Consider (◊Ax ⊃ □Bx) as “added explanation”!
Also, line 2 of the 4th part is Definition 2 from the original argument of Gödel.
Note2: The following lines are taken out for having no use in this interpretation of the argument.
8 │ □Gx ⊃ □Px A
16│ □Gx ⊃ □Cx A
17│ □Gx ⊃ □Ax A
No need to put any emphasis to the line numbers 8, 16 and 17 above.
Note3: A forgotten line 6 and its own alternative has been added now, 16:28, 13.03.2012 CET.
Note4: Small corrections. Adding the direct relations to Gödel's Ontological Argument. Added now, 23:40, 13.03.2012 CET.
Note5: The above time stamps relate to publishing on Facebook as note! The whole presentation has therefore been imported from the original place on Facebook to this blog. By Leonardo F. Olsnes-Lea on Facebook on Saturday, 14 January 2012 at 02:43 CET(?).

Else, development has been:
(relating to Gödel's argument directly, put after the connector),

1 │ □Ex ≡ □Px ≡ □Gx A (A is Assumption) – Def. 1
2 │ ◊ Ax ≡ □ Bx ≡ (◊Ax ⊃ □Bx) A - Def. 2
3 │ □Ex A – Def. 3
4 │ □Px A
5 │ □Px ∨ ~□Px A – Axiom 1
6 │ (□Px ⊃ □Nx) ⊃ □Px A – Axiom 2
7 │ ◊ Ax A
8 │ □Gx ⊃ □Px A – Axiom 3
9 │ ◊Px ≡ □Px A – Axiom 4
10│ ◊Px A
11│ □Xx ⊃ □Px A – Axiom 5
12│ □Xx A
13│ ◊ Px ⊃ □Px A – Axiom 6
14│ □Px ⊃ ◊Cx A – Theorem 1
15│ ◊Px ≡ □Px A
16│ □Gx ⊃ □Cx A – Corollary 1
17│ □Gx ⊃ □Ax A – Theorem 2
------------------------------
18│ □Ex R (R is Reiteration)
19│ □Px ≡ □Gx 1, 13 ≡E (≡E is Biconditional Elimination)
20│ □Px 4 R
------------------------------
21│ □Gx 14, 15 ≡E – Theorem 3

Various notes to the development have also been written under the argument as note on Facebook!